The Second World War demonstrated that scientific research could be readily translated into technology. This opened up a much larger ambit of research than what had existed previously because of the change in its perceived value. The launch of the Sputnik satellite in 1957 by the Soviet Union prompted a reexamination of research in the West resulting in the establishment of the National Science Foundation and the Defense Advanced Research Agency in the US, which provided, and continue to provide, significant research funding to universities. Multiple disciplines that had not seen research as...