Recent years have seen the emergence of exciting new techniques for the understanding of the human brain. An important contribution has come from the introduction of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS). NIBS techniques include transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electric stimulation (tES). Since the discovery of TMS and tES, these techniques have been used to investigate the state of cortical excitability, the excitability of the corticocortical and corticospinal pathways, the role of a given brain region in a particular cognitive function, and the timing of its activity as well as the pathophysiology of...